On the basis of research with laboratory animals, the most well-supported explanation for PIT effects is that a Pavlovian cue (that is predictive of a particular outcome) retrieves a belief that a particular response-outcome association has a stronger contingency, and that the instrumental response is more likely to be reinforced.
This refers to the behavioral phenomenon of increased instrumental responding for a reinforcer when in the presence of conditioned stimuli (CS) that were previously paired with that reinforcer. After multiple pairings those cues are able to evoke conditioned responses such as subjective craving, drug anticipation, physiological arousal, and behavioral approach, Although Pavlovian and instrumental responses develop independently, their interaction is known as Pavlovian to instrumental transfer (PIT). This instrumental conditioning process develops synchronously with a Pavlovian conditioning process, in which repeated experience of the rewarding effects of drugs of abuse is consistently paired with environmental drug-related cues, such as the sight and smell of beer. Drug-seeking behavior is reinforced by the pharmacological actions of drugs of abuse, either because those drugs produce pleasurable consequences, or because they alleviate negative states such as those that occur during drug withdrawal. Instrumental and Pavlovian conditioning processes contribute to drug self-administration and ultimately the development of substance use disorders. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.įunding: Funded by a research grant from Alcohol Research UK ( ), reference SG 10/11 160, awarded to Matt Field, Jasna Martinovic, Abigail K. Received: NovemAccepted: MaPublished: April 14, 2014Ĭopyright: © 2014 Martinovic et al. Franken, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Netherlands The lack of relationship between behavioral and EEG measures, and between these measures and individual differences in drinking behaviour may be attributed to methodological features of the PIT task and to characteristics of our sample.Ĭitation: Martinovic J, Jones A, Christiansen P, Rose AK, Hogarth L, Field M (2014) Electrophysiological Responses to Alcohol Cues Are Not Associated with Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer in Social Drinkers. Our findings are the first to demonstrate a PIT effect for beer, accompanied by increased slow potentials in response to beer cues, in social drinkers. Contrary to hypotheses, there were no significant correlations between behavioral PIT effects, electrophysiological reactivity to the cues, and individual differences in drinking behaviour. Analyses of ERP amplitudes demonstrated significantly larger slow potentials evoked by beer cues at various electrode clusters. Results demonstrated a behavioral PIT effect: responding for beer was increased when a beer picture was presented. We examined two markers of the motivational salience of the pictures: the P300 and slow wave event-related potentials (ERPs). We report behavioral and electroencephalographic (EEG) data from a group of social drinkers (n = 31) who performed a PIT task in which they chose between two instrumental responses in pursuit of beer and chocolate reinforcers while their EEG reactivity to beer, chocolate and neutral pictorial cues was recorded. PIT effects may play an important role in substance use disorders, but little is known about the brain mechanisms that underlie these effects in alcohol consumers. Pavlovian to Instrumental Transfer (PIT) refers to the behavioral phenomenon of increased instrumental responding for a reinforcer when in the presence of Pavlovian conditioned stimuli that were separately paired with that reinforcer.
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